Fires of Faith by Eamon Duffy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1291 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Faith Essay Did you like this example? Eamon Duffys Fires of Faith depicts the state of the English church during the reign of Mary Tudor, lasting from 1553-1558. Marys reign remains one of the most controversial aspects in Church history. This book aims at responding to the predominant issue of the competence of the Marian regime while commenting on misconceptions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fires of Faith by Eamon Duffy" essay for you Create order With Fires of Faith, Duffy combats the various myths and biased accounts that have distorted the reputation of Mary Tudor. Duffy offers insightful considerations on Marys England and expounds on the state of the Church. He begins by addressing the fact that he will tackle the overarching issue of general competence, drive and direction of the regime. Through the eyes of England, he explores the counter-reformation that begins to arise following Marys accession. Duffy focuses on the Marian restoration itself, that is: he structures his novel by expounding on various issues of the regime, chapter by chapter. Duffy writes on a variety of aspects in Queen Marys reign. Notably, he references the constructiveness of the regimes propaganda campaign against Protestantism; the role of Cardinal Reginald Pole in supervising the restoration of Catholicism in England, and lastly, the question of the effectiveness of the burnings carried out by the Marian regime. Bloody Marys reign remains a highly debated topic; however, Duffys approach towards the Marian regime is both holistic and inquisitive. Rather than categorizing the Marian regime as merely a time of violent animosity, he argues that Marys reign was a brilliant attempt at restoration for hearts and minds alike. In chapter 1, Duffy outlines his opening considerations by responding to the burnings of more than 280 protestants under the Marian agenda in the span of four years by saying the burning s were both gruesome and inevitable (1,7). Although Duffy does not condone the demoralizing behavior of burning men and woman, he argues that the received perception of the campaign of burnings as manifestly unsuccessful is quite mistaken (1,7). He supports this claim by examining how the burnings were efficiently carried out for political stability. Duffy comments on his initial questioning of competence of the regime in chapter 2 by showcasing Cardinal Poles role as a major influencer. Duffy states that in matters of religion, no sustained course of action, not even the burnings, was pursued without his consent and approval (2,33). He claims that the Marian regime, predominantly led by Cardinal Pole, had a strong emphasis on the centrality of Christ and also on the universal agency of the Holy Spirit in the church, which is why mere human effort could not constitute reform. In chapter 3, Duffy expounds the tight control the Marian regime had over the press. He supports the direction of the regime by mentioning that authors such as John Christopherson, John Proctor, and the Harpsfield brothers were defenders of Catholicism and wrote on behalf on the regime (3,63). A range of sources that were utilized, including but not limited to: sermons, heresy trials, journalistic pamphlets, and private diaries aided the Marian regime in combatting Protestant propaganda. In chapter 4, Duffy addresses the punishment of the protestants who remained unconverted. In the suppression of heresy, 284 protestants, 56 of them women, were burned alive for their beliefs, and approximately 30 more died in prison (4,79). While this remains devastating, Duffy comments, no sixteenth-century European state willingly accepted or could easily image the peaceful coexistence of differing religious confessions, and such a coexistence does not seem a particularly realistic aspiration for Marys England (4,79-80). The Marian regime attempted to restore Catholicism at all cost; Duffy supports this argument in chapter 5 by saying the justice exercised during the regime was more than examining heretics. For bishops, it was an opportunity to recall straying sheep to the unity of the Church, to correct their errors and to set our authentic Catholic teaching (5,102). The real motives behind the judicial process of the counter-reformation were in fact, credible. The judges were pre dominately priests, taking sincere interest in the salvation of souls of the unconverted Protestants. In chapter 6, Duffy supports the Marian regimes desire for conversion by stating that Cardinal Poles concern with systematic pursuit of heresy was not confined to his own diocese. (6,153). Places such as: London, Essex, and Canterbury were targeted locations for Pole to silence heresy at all costs. Due to John Foxes limited aptitude and scarceness of other sources, Duffy, who indicates in chapter 7, it is challenge for historians to assess the impact of the burnings on those who witnesses them (7,155). As noted by Duffy, the Marian regimes overall tactic was to induce irresolute evangelicals into conformity; this desire went beyond external compliance, for the counter-reformation aimed to convert the hearts and minds of the Protestants. Duffy argues against the points of A.G Dickens in chapter 8 by claiming, the notion that the regime somehow failed to defend the burnings publicly, or to exploit for propaganda purposes the weakness and divisions of the new faith, is certainly mistaken (8,171). Duffy claims that the burning of Protestants, while gruesome and inexcusable, was not merely a frantic act of a weakening regime, but was brutally effective at obstructing the Protestant movement in England to some degree, and may have succeeded, had the queen and Pole not died in 1558. Duffy contends in chapter 9 that the Marian regime, along with Poles influence, left behind a reverence for the papacy, a hallmark for European Catholicism following Trent (9,190). Marian Catholicism paved the way for Elizabethan Catholicism, instilling the foundation of the counter-reformation. Duffys composes Fires in Faith in such a way that offers a new perspective regarding Queen Marys reign. It calls to mind the misconceptions surrounding the Marian regime that have taken place for far too long. Although many may contest the claims made by Duffy, the significance of Fires of Faith is incredibly prevalent. Duffy contends that the Marian church was so outstandingly progressive, that it ?invented the counter-reformation (9, 207). Remarkably, Duffy does not use his own Roman Catholicism to sway his writing, rather, his content is a brilliant scholarly source. He does not excuse the actions of the queen; Duffy is intensely aware of the lack of human dignity during this time in history. Duffy presents his arguments coherently and aids readers by contrasting his thoughts with other historians perception of the Marian regime. His interpretation of the queens reign is both audacious and controversial. As a historian, this serves as a great strength for Duffy. He is not complace nt with the summation of previous scholars take on Mary Tudor, rather, he offers his own knowledge regarding the counter-reformation. In addition, Duffys use of sources adds to why his novel is such an academic success. He mentions scholars such as William Wizeman and John Edwards to support his assertions on Marian history. Rather than arguing from newfound evidence, Duffys approach is to combat preexisting sources such as John Foxes view on the Marian regime. By way of illustration, in regard to the condemned, Duffy rejects the indifferent opinions of sources that are meant to promote one-sided arguments by saying, the real motives were less lurid and, in part at least, more credible. The judges were priestsand had for the for the most part a genuine horror of the eternity of torment that they believed awaited unrepentant heretics (5,109-110). Notably, this is a great advantage to be able to compose counter arguments for claims that have been made for centuries. The weakness of Fires of Faith lies in the fact that Duffy fails to mention the queen herself throughout his work. Considering that the entirety of the Marian regime is based around Mary herself, adding more information about the queen would be profitable for readers. In his work, Duffy expresses certain statements without proper evidence to back up his claims. For instance, he fails to mention to what extent was the significant and persistent protestant minority (7,161).

Gender Inequality Developing Countries And The Reason...

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Although gender inequality is present in both countries, the Human Development Index indicates that the developed country Norway is more advanced in regards of gender inequality then the developing country Cameroon. The development of a country does not completely reflect the position of gender inequality; but it is evident through the indicators of life expectancy, birth rate, education and economic status that a more developed country is more advanced in reducing gender equality. According to the Human Development Index Norway is ranked number one with a gender inequality value of 0.068 and Cameroon is ranked 152 with aShow MoreRelatedPublic Perception Of Global Poverty1433 Words   |  6 PagesKhe Midterm Essay 13 February 2016 The public perception of global poverty is one where they assume that the poor economic conditions in developing countries are associated with poor working conditions, bad pay, and long hours. 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Statement of Superannuation and Retirement Advice

Question: Describe about the Statement of Superannuation and Retirement Advice. Answer: Graham and Anna, you did ask for my advice concerning your retirement targets, how achievable they are, and implementable strategies to ensure that the target is achieved. You also seek to know the working of your superannuation funds which offers retirement incomes in the form of account-based pensions and their viability among other important financial aspects. Throughout the document, I am going to provide the financial planning you should take to ensure that by the time you are retiring, you will need enough funds to cater for your personal welfare. The statement discussed below known as the Statement of Advice (SOA) has a full explanation of my advice. Summary of my advice Why my advice is appropriate In the world of investment, the investors are faced with a major challenge of future uncertainty (Agnew at el, 2005, p. 66). Similarly, the business field is a major victim of the unpredictable predicaments. To overcome both predictable and unpredictable risks, businesses settle for the insurance cover (Agnew, 2002, p. 22). Likewise, having an appropriate insurance in place ensures that you and your family are fully covered in serious situations like either of you falling sick or dying of getting fatal injuries (Aguiar and Erik, 2003, p. 39). The above-recommended investments suitably fit your retirement plans as you are also investors ready to make risks to given amounts. You also still have the option to withdraw your money from the investments whenever the need arises. Risks in my advice All the managed funds which include the ones I have recommended to you come along with risks. These are investments which are far much different from having money in the bank (Brown, at el. 2007, p. 45). They have associated fluctuating risks by which their values might rise or fall uncontrollably depending on the market forces. Alternatively, investment risk may be a major concern for your investment (Brigitte at el., 2007, p. 250). Money markets operate in the ever-changing environment and hence and hazardous impact on the nation economic and growth, and development of the nation may have a critical effect on the fluctuating interest rates (Choi at el., 2001, p. 23) What my advice doesnt cover? Trauma insurance where there are lump sum payments on the diagnosis of certain defined illnesses or injuries, the general needs of your insurance requirements (Cogan, 2003, p. 155). For example, insurance covering the car or house, the adequacy of your retirements, all the general issues related to taxation and all the extra money you will have readily at hand. Furthermore, it is also important to introduce the risk of death at this point (Bodie at el. 2007, p. 46). As human beings we are mortal, and thus we can't predict our personal life span. Therefore, engaging in the retirement investment plan may be risky as we may benefit our next of kin instead of benefiting ourselves. Fees and commissions Next and Final Steps Before you decide on whether to follow my advice, you need to consider the following issues. Make sure that you fully understand my advice and ask all the necessary questions. You should also complete the procedural authority found at the end of the document before returning it to me. Again, you should ascertain whether my advice is in line with your retirement investment plan (Ferruz at el. 2009, p. 13). In the case of any deviation from your plans, it will be wise and appropriate to seek for clarification without any further go ahead (Huberman and Paul, 2004, p.420). Note we first met two months ago after a referral by one of my clients. At the meeting we had, you made a request that I prepare for you a statement of advice which specifically addresses your goals and objectives. In addition, you also informed me that I address issues like; If you should establish an SMSF and the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. If it also would assist in accumulating wealth meant for your retirement plan and the benefits that the SMSF posses over your funds. My view concerning your continued investment in residential property, coupled up with the negative gearing to build retirement wealth. Further insight, you wanted to know the viable options which you can consider with your residential property given their current poor performance. Graham also wanted to know about the rules about an incidence he heard that there would be no capital gains tax if he rents his family home for a short period. You also wanted to know about superannuation beneficiary nominations as you had never heard of it and had therefore never made any nominations to benefit from the same. You also asked to be advised on the suitable superannuation fund which can accept Grahams rollover benefits from both employer and voluntary contributions. In addition, you also want to know what you can do with his redundancy package. You want to know how much to contribute in your superannuation after Anna heard from a local radio about the importance of saving for retirement. In line with this development, she also wants to know if she should continue using Care Super as her major superannuation fund. By having insurance policies both within and outside the superannuation, you want to know the issues associated with having both options (DeRoon, at el., 2001, p. 725) Also; you want to know if it is of more advantage to incorporate all the policies you need through your superannuation funds. You also seek advice concerning aged care and Marie's income cash flow as soon as she moves into the nursing home. You seek to get informed about the calculations of the fees, implications on her age pension, and how she can finance the refundable accommodation deposits (Hancock, 2002, p. 46). You also did want to know an approximation of the amount her age pension will receive once she enters the facility (Lusardi, 2008, p. 42) Section 1: Important information about the Suttons Background Information. A couple of Mr. and Mrs. Graham Sutton has been married for the past 26 years blessed with two children, named Sam and Jodie of ages 15 and 13 respectively. During the period, with Mr. Graham as the sole breadwinner, the couple managed to gather an impressive amount of assets comprising of buildings and also includes a joint online bank account at St George which has $150000. In her Colonial First State Index Australian Share Fund, Anna has $31000. On his current job position, Mr. Graham has $370000 at the BlueScope super fund at the balanced profile. At another account with the Care Super Industry Fund of the - conservative balanced option, Anna did manage to save up to $43000. Under Graham's name, the couple owns three industrial properties. One in Brisbane has a current face value of $445000 after having been acquired through a loan valued at $340000. The second property is the Unit 1 located on the Gold Coast with a net value of $155000 after having been acquired at a loan of $135000. The last property is the Unit 2 still at the Gold Coast valued at $245000 got from a loan of $205000. The joint family's home at Wollongong has a face value of $685000 got at a loan of $217000. Graham also owns a personal car valued at $25000. The total value of the contents in the home has a value of $65000 owned jointly by the couple. Through estimation, Graham will make an annual income of up to $195000 whereas Annes income will add up to $52000. Through the income garnered by renting out the industrial property, Graham will have a compounded annual income of $69000. As from the interest income, both the Suttons will have an equal income of $25000. Annas managed fund income will bring in a total of $15000 annually. Coming in at par with the incomes, the couple will also make expenses in various situations including an expected annual rent of $33800 at their new residence in Perth before purchasing a home of their own. Secondly, the annual living expenses will add up to a total of $42000 while their planned holiday expenses will cost $1000. A combination of the four industrial properties inclusive of the family home will have deductible outgoings in the form of interests adding up to a total of $44000. Their childrens education will cost them #20000 while motor vehicle costs and life insurance costs will be $3000 and $5200 respectively. Below is a graph showing the details clearly. Details of the estimated annual gross income Graham Anna Gross salary income $195000 $52000 Gross rental income $6900 Interest income $2500 $2500 Managed fund income. $1550 Total $266500 $56050 Goals and Objectives When it comes to finances it always suitable and secure to set financial goals and objectives (Lusardi and Beeler, 2008, p. 276). Similarly, retirement planning involves the planning for objectives and goals the available funds and how they can be invested to generate future cash inflows (Lusardi and Mitchell, 2007, p. 156). The Suttons have valid considerations for their goals and objectives which mostly feature on the retirement plan. For instance, Mr. Graham Sutton has already agreed to take up a new employment opportunity as a site manager at Pilbara Port Corporation, WA. This new opportunity comes barely two weeks after the end of the previous position he held at the BlueScope Steel in Wollongong, NSW where he currently is the senior mining engineer. At the new position, he has plans to offer his services for an extra nine more years before fully effecting the retirement. On retrenchment at his current working station, he will earn up to a total of $175000 as retirement benefits after deduction of all tax requirements. Secondly, the new position as the site manager at the new working station will see him earn up to $195000 which includes superannuation of 9.5%. On the other hand, his wife Mrs. Ann Sutton initially had a secretarial job but left it willingly so as to fully devote herself to taking care of the children and the whole family at home, but now is back to the workforce after managing to secure herself a part-time job in Perth. Her new role as a personal assistant will play an important part to the All Brains Inc. She will report directly to the training and development manager at the firm. In a period of three months time, she will be trading her expertise at the entity earning a net salary of $52000 per year which includes the superannuation of 9.50%. According to research by an analyst at the Investment Trends in 2012, whenever there is prolonged decrease in the proceeds garnered by markets, the SMSF shows instantaneous spike or increase in the number of the self-managed super funds (Xiao, 2014, p. 165). In respect to the retirement plan which you are working on, I would advise that you don't switch from the already set plan. Income you will earn from your respective jobs, and the rent gained from the industrial apartments is more reliable, and you are certain of it as compared to the SMSF which is dependent on the market forces. The only advantage the SMSF has over your funds is the fact that you can buy or sell assets much quickly (Weber, 2012, p. 14). This ability is because the SMSF members can quickly and easily exchange assets among themselves (Villamil at el. 2006, p. 1002). Funds can sometimes turn out frustrating due to the lag between the availability of the investments and the actual implementation (Rooij at el. 2007, p. 87). The second concern was about your continued investment in the industrial property. Such assets are beneficial in the long run because of their continuous appreciation over time (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, 2000, p. 10). Long term investments match with your retirement plans whereby it is more of an investment whose gains are felt much later (Olivia at el. 2007, p. 82). Based on the analysis of the poor property performance currently, I advise that you make the necessary developments and improvements on the buildings. You can build additional recreational features like building swimming pools or building a play center like a tennis court or external bar. These features are some of the major factors that attract clients increasing the demand and eventually the overall market value. In response to Grahams query about what he heard that there are no capital gain tax if he rents out the family home for a short of time is true, but there are conditions to be adhered to for effective application of the same. The Australian rules concerning homes state that you are exempted from the Capital Gains Tax (CGT) if the property was your main residence since when you acquired it. On moving out, you can only claim exemption from the CGT for only up to six years after leaving (Potocnik at el. 2013, p. 173). So for your case, with your estimated plan of working for an extra nine years before retirement, you will have to pay the tax for the last three years as you will only avoid it for the first six years. Every individual needs to choose a beneficiary to gain from the superannuation; it is an example of a will. Apart from making one another the beneficiary after one of you passes on, you still need to appoint the next beneficiary after you both die. In matters related to the superannuation funds, Graham's rollover benefits which he did earn from his personal and employer contributions at his current employment position are resources you can use for any financial requirements. Therefore, I advise the usage of the available funds for further development of industrial apartments. This will raise their standards and market value. In addition to those earnings, you can also add the redundancy package to increase the funds available for a more large scale program. How appropriate of my advice is to you Personal insurance is of great importance to you because it ensures financial protection over your current lifestyle and situation in case anything happens to you. Additionally, saving with the investment schemes is a noble idea as it will ensure you have an alternative source of income in the event your investment fails to generate the expected returns. Disadvantages associated with my advice Consequences due to the replacement of one financial product with another. This brings the aspect of opportunity cost whereby you have to undertake a certain investment at the expense of the other. The forgone viable product may be more income generating than the undertaken one. About the indication of desiring to have limited risks on your money but increasing it, I would propose that you venture in managed funds as they can yield higher returns in the long though this perception is not fully guaranteed. Despite the fact that managed funds have associated risks due to the genetic diversification of the funds, the risks are not as high. Increasing the number of investments also further helps in reducing the risks because in case one investment performs poorly, there are others to get back to. The value you hold at the managed funds is subject to change at any time of the day or night and can fall. Certain accounts like your joint savings account are more stable on the daily basis activities. Most of the managed accounts provided by many institutions require that you pay product fees before you can invest in them. What my advice does not deal with? Being financial analysts is not a guarantee that all the advice I give will be inclusive of all your preferences market. Additionally, it is not an assurance that all the financial information I offer to you is what is required for investment in the money market. After clearing all your outstanding debts, and also sooner as you will get to settle, you will realize that you have much free money. You can make use of such free funds to pay for some of the recommended insurance products, or you can opt to save more with the managed funds to give you higher returns on your investments. I can provide you with more advice on how you can invest this funds but, this services will cost you more. In line with tax issues, my profession does not entail tax. Therefore, my advice concerning the same is limited. In specific situations, you are entitled to a deduction in tax due to premiums which you pay for income protection insurance. Instead, I would only refer you to a tax expert to assist you in matters related to this and any other tax issues. Concerning superannuation, my advice does not put into consideration whether you have sufficient superannuation to cater for your retirement. I can provide further advice concerning this but only at an extra charge. What are my fees? I will charge a fee of $1500 which includes (GST) as a cost for the advice I am offering and the preparation of the SOA. From these, I am gaining $900 while rest goes to the firm I work at. Please make sure that you make these payments in two weeks time after receiving the SOA. What commissions do I get? There are no commissions that I receive from the referrals I make to you on the management funds. In case you follow my advice, the issuers of the products for personal insurance pay commissions to the Plan for it. I only get a share from these commissions. Of great importance is the quality of the products that I have recommended for you. They fit your situation quite effectively and will be of great importance if you implement them to the letter. The payments by the different products differ from to another, and it all depends on with the quality of services received and the level of client satisfaction registered. However, you should take note that there are some other more suitable products that pay lower commissions. Other questions that you might have. Who is restricted to an approved product list? Experts and other advisers like me are who are under the direct jurisdiction by the Plan for it, are only allowed to recommend products on the Playford's product list. We have no freedom recommend other products not included on the list. This statement implies that, whenever I am preparing an SOA or offering advice at my authorized level of expertise, I only get to use the products present on the Playford's list. I get to ignore without giving credit to any of the other products present in the market. If you are interested, I can provide you with a list of products available at the Plan for it. This list of products is regularly checked and reviewed by a team of experts from the Plan for it research commission. Should I guarantee the managed funds that I recommend? Actually no. In respect to the law, my recommendations for you to invest in these managed funds should work appropriately for you. However, you should take keen note that I do not guarantee the performance of any of the managed funds. I have no effect on the outcome because managed funds are dependent on the market forces just as highlighted before. Can you make changes to your decisions? Interestingly yes, you can make changes even after you have made payments on the products I recommend for you. You are eligible to get your full money refund back if you are not happy with the products. This refund is effected two weeks after purchase in a program called (cooling off). The PDS provided alongside the products contain further information about the different products. Are there restrictive time limits on my advice? Yes. As a matter of fact, my advice follows regulations whereby it has expiry dates controlling it. By saying so, in case the expiry date is long overdue, you are not supposed to rely on it if you had not taken decisions to act on it. Is there security to your personal information? Undoubtedly yes. You get the assurance that all the personal information you had given to us remains top secret not unless you permit us to reveal it by writing or it is a requirement by law. Ongoing Service and Review Like any other project which has been invested in, it becomes crucial to review the progress of this retirement planning investment to determine whether it is on the right course. Reviewing enables the investors to make an investment decision on the kind of investment they should undertake (Gourville and Dilip, 2005, p. 388). Alternatively, it helps the investor to review the services already offered by the investment schemes and whether they are worth investing in. This involves analyzing the strengths, improvement and the collaborations undertaken by those schemes in the effort of improving their services in future (Lusardi and Mitchell, 2007). If the schemes have good future financial plans, then it will be a true indication of high returns in future. This builds high confidence among the investors who will in turn out a large number and avail their savings for investment. From the analysis of the likely financial investment, I encourage the investor to adhere to my advice and undertake this investment opportunity. Future personal financial planning is very fundamental as it helps the employees to cater for their welfare at the old age. The investor will have an enjoyable lifestyle and may also end up donating some of his investment income to the charitable organizations. However, these exorbitant incomes will only be realizable if the investor does the right review of the services being offered various retirement benefit schemes. Therefore, I advise Graham that upon reviewing the various services being offered by the different schemes in the money market he should follow my advice and advice as my opinions. This will enable to realize the costs of his investment. Overall Structure and Presentation of Superannuation and Retirement Advice A financial analyst and adviser have to come up with the overall structure on retirement planning advice (Agnus at. el, 2007, p. 114). This structure helps the investor to have clear focus which will help him or her in enjoying his or her future lifestyle. Again, the structure includes each aspect of the investor financial life. Additionally, it puts emphasis on risk prevention as well as assets and estate planning so that the advice seeker can have confidence that his or her financial future secure (Elton at el. 2006, p. 1300). Therefore, I provide the overall structure of the retirement advice as illustrated below: Scope Definition: In my advice, I have clearly indicted the scope of the retirement financial planning of Graham and his family. This has been achieved through providing the process that the investor needs to undertake to be able to identify his needs and meet them. Goals Identification: The goals and objectives of the investor are quite clear. The investor wants to engage in retirement planning investment to have a future which is financially secure. To develop this plan, Mr. Graham should determine his short and long-term financial goals. These goals should be analyzed to come into conclusion the amount funds which will be needed to accomplish each target. Financial Situation Assessment: Upon the analysis of the financial goals it important to assess the financial position. Here, I have considered various aspects such as tax requirements, investment in insurance cover, liabilities and assets. This helps in determining the net worth of the investor. Financial Plan Preparation: Provided that I have obtained the clear understanding of the Mr. Graham financial position as well as his financial objectives, I have provided in my advice the products and the services that he should go for. Implementation of the Recommendations: This is a critical area in the retirement planning investment (Ameriks, 2004, p. 103). This is because it is the point where the actualization of the suggested strategies and recommendations are one. Given that, I have offered my advice the investor go ahead and start his journey of investment for future benefits. Plan Review: Economy fluctuations are one of the most impactful factors of the interests in the money market (Lusardi, 2008, p. 45). Alternatively, it also affects the level of employment, income as the good spooning behavior of the consumers (Huberman and Jiang, 2006, p. 780). Therefore, it crucial to note the financial objectives, as well as the individual lifestyle, may change as the time elapses. Therefore, this calls for a continuous review of the financial plan to ensure that the investor is always on the right path. References Agnew, Julie R. and Lisa R. Szykman. 2005. Asset Allocation and Information Overload: The Influence of Information Display, Asset Choice, and Investor Experience. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 6 (2): 57-70. Agnew, Julie, 2002, Inefficient Choices in 401(k) Plans: Evidence from Individual Level Data, Presented at the 4th Annual Joint Conference for the Retirement Research Consortium Directions for Social Security Reform. May 2002, Washington, D.C. Agnew, Julie, Pierluigi Balduzzi, and Annika Sunden. 2003. Portfolio Choice and Trading in a Large 401(k) Plan, American Economic Review, 93(1): 193-215. Aguiar, Mark and Erik Hurst (2003), Consumption vs. Expenditure. Mimeo, Chicago Business School. Ameriks, John and Stephen P. Zeldes. 2004. How Do Household Portfolio Shares Vary with Age? TIAA-CREF working paper. Ameriks, John, Andrew Caplin and John Leahy. 2002. Retirement Consumption: Insights from a Survey. NBER Working Paper n. 8735. Ameriks, John, Andrew Caplin and John Leahy. 2003. Wealth Accumulation and the Propensity to Plan. Quarterly Journal of Economics 68: 1007-1047. Angus, John, William O. Brown, Janet Kiholm Smith, and Richard L. Smith. 2007. What's in Your 403(b)? Academic Retirement Plans and the Costs of under diversification. forthcoming, Financial Management. Benartzi, Shlomo and Richard H. Thaler. 2001. Nave Diversification Strategies in Defined Contribution Savings Plans. American Economic Review, 91(1): 79-98. Blake, Christopher R., Edwin J. Elton, and Martin J. Gruber. 1993. "The Performance of Bond Mutual Funds." Journal of Business, 66: 371-403. Bodie, Zvi and Jonathan Treussard. 2007. Making Investment Choices as Simple as Possible, but Not Simpler. Financial Analysts Journal, 63 (3): 42-47. Brigitte Madrian, Olivia S. Mitchell, and Beth J. Soldo, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 248-270 Brown, Jeffrey R., Nellie Liang and Scott Weisbenner. 2007. Individual Account Investment Options and Portfolio Choice: Behavioral Lessons from 401(k) Plans. NBER Working Paper No. 13169. Calvet, Laurent E., John Y. Campbell and Paolo Sodini. 2006. Down or Out: Assessing the Welfare Costs of Household Investment Mistakes. NBER Working Paper No. 12030. Choi, James J., David Laibson, Brigitte Madrian and Andrew Metrick. 2001. For Better or For Worse: Default Effects and 401(k) Savings Behavior, NBER Working Paper No. 8651. Cogan, John F., and Mitchell Olivia S. 2003. "Perspectives from the President's Commission on Social Security Reform." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(2): 149-172. 29 DeRoon, Frans A., Theo E. Nijman and Bas J.M. Werker. 2001. Testing for Mean-variance Spanning with Short Sales Constraints and Transaction Costs: The Case of Emerging Markets. Journal of Finance, 56(2): 721-742. Elton, Edwin J., Martin J. Gruber, and Christopher R. Blake. 2006. "The Adequacy of Investment Choices Offered by 401K Plans." Journal of Public Economics, 90(6-7): 1299-1314. Ferruz, Luis, Luis Vincente, and Laura Andreu. 2007. The Importance of Asset Allocation in Spanish Equity Pension Plans. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. Forthcoming. Gourville, John and Dilip Soman. 2005. Overchoice and Assortment Type: When and Why Variety Backfires. Marketing Science, 24 (summer): 382395. Hancock, John, 2002, Eighth Defined Contribution Plan Survey. John Hancock Financial Services, Boston: John Hancock. Huberman, Gur and Paul Sengmueller. 2004. Performance and Employer Stock in 401(k) Plans, Review of Finance, 8: 403-443. Huberman, Gur and Wei Jiang. 2006. Offering vs. Choices in 401(k) Plans: Equity Exposure and Number of Funds, Journal of Finance, XLI (2): 763-801. Huberman, Gur, Sheena Iyengar, and Wei Jiang. 2003. Defined Contribution Pension Plans: Determinants of Participation and Contribution Rates. Working paper, September 2003 draft. Columbia University. Iyengar, Sheena S., Gur Huberman, and Wei Jiang. 2004. "How Much Choice is Too Much? Contributions to 401(k) Retirement Plans. In Pension Design and Structure: New Lessons from Behavioral Finance, Lusardi, A. (2003). Planning and saving for retirement (Working Paper). Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from https://www.dartmouth.edu/~alusardi/Papers/ Lusardi_pdf.pdf Lusardi, A. (Ed.). (2008). Overcoming the saving slump: How to increase the effectiveness of financial education and saving programs. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Lusardi, A., Beeler, J. (2007). Saving between cohorts: The role of planning. In B. Madrian, O. Mitchell, B. Soldo (Eds.), Redefining retirement. How will boomers fare? (pp. 271295). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. (2007b). Financial literacy and retirement planning: New Evidence from the Rand American Life Panel. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. (2007c). Financial literacy and retirement preparedness. Evidence and implications for financial education. Business Economics, January, 3544. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S. (2007a). Baby boomer retirement security: The role of planning, financial literacy, and housing wealth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54, 205224. Lusardi, A., Keller, P., Keller, A. (2008). New ways to make people save: A social marketing approach. In A. Lusardi (Ed.), Overcoming the saving slump: How to increase the effectiveness of financial education and saving programs (pp. 209-236). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Olivia S. Mitchell and Stephen P. Utkus, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 83-96. Karlsson, Anders, Massimo Massa, and Andrei Simonov. 2007. "Pension Portfolio Choice and Menu Exposure." In Redefining Retirement: How Will Boomers Fare? Potocnik, K., Tordera, N., Peir, J. M. (2013). Truly satisfied with your retirement or just resigned? Pathways toward different patterns of retirement satisfaction. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 32(2), 164-187. Puri, M., Robinson, D. (2007). Optimism and economic choice. Journal of Financial Economics, 86(1), 71-99. The pursuit of Happiness, Inc. (2013, November 28). Positive psychology and the science of happiness. Retrieved from https://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/science-ofhappiness/ The pursuit of Happiness, Inc. (2013, November 28). Positive psychology and the science of happiness. Retrieved from https://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/science-ofhappiness/ Salisbury, D., Turyn, T., Helman, R. (2001). Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), Minority RCS, and Small Employer Retirement Survey (SERS) (EBRI Issue Brief No. 234). Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute. Seligman, M. E. (2011). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York, NY: Random House Digital, Inc. An introduction. American Psychologist, Seligman, M. E. (2012). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: 55(1), 5-14. Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421. Stango, V., Zinman, J. (2007). Fuzzy math and red ink: When the opportunity cost of consumption is not what it seems (Working Paper). Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Van Rooij, M., Lusardi, A., Alessie, R. (2007). Financial literacy and stock market participation (NBER Working Paper No.13565). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research Villamil, E., Huppert, F. A., Melzer, D. (2006). Low prevalence of depression and anxiety is linked to statutory retirement ages rather than personal work exit: A national survey. Psychological Medicine, 36(7), 999-1009. Wang, M. (2007). Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 455-474. Weber, K. (2012). Planning parallels with positive psychology. Bank Investment Consultant, 20(1), 21. Wolter Xiao, J. J. (2014). Money and happiness: Implications for investor behavior. In H. Kent Baker and Victor Ricciardi (eds.), Investor Behavior: The psychology of financial planning and investing (pp. 153-170). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Essay On Ramayana Analysis Essay Example

Essay On Ramayana Analysis Essay The Ramayana and the Odyssey have many things in common. One thing specifically similar between The Odyssey and The Ramayana is the experiences of Sita from The Ramayana and Odysseus from The Odyssey. Their adventures are parallel. Sita and Odysseus went through very similar struggles during their journeys and when they returned home to their spouses. Odysseus is the obvious hero of the Odyssey while Sita is an unexpected hero for with standing torture from Ravana and staying true to her spouse. Sita and Odysseus were both held captive by powerful characters of the opposite gender. Sita was kidnapped by the creature with ten heads named Ravana. Odysseus was held captive on an island by the beautiful Calypso. Odysseus tries to resist Calypso and go home, â€Å"Ah great goddess, don’t be angry with me, please. All that you say is true, how well I know. Look at my wise Penelope. She falls far short of you, your beauty, and stature. She is mortal after all and you, you never age or dieNevertheless I long – I pine, all my days – to travel home and see the dawn of my return. And if a god will wreck me yet again on the wine-dark sea, I can bear that too, with a spirit tempered to endure. Much have I suffered, labored long and hard by now in the waves and wars. Add this to the total – bring the trial on!† (Homer, 159) This quote not only shows his loyalty to his wife and his genuine attempt to resist Calypso but it is also very romantic. He is exp laining to Calypso that even though she is perfect and doesn’t age and that Penelope, his wife, could not match her beauty, he still loves Penelope and wants to go home to her. This conflict is similar to Ravana and Sita, who has been taken from her loved one, Rama. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay On Ramayana Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay On Ramayana Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay On Ramayana Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ravana’s relationship with Sita is very similar to the relationship between Calypso and Odysseus. Ravana obsesses over Sita. He asked Soorpanaka to stir an image up of Sita and when she did Ravana fell deeply in love with Si

Organizational Assessment of Queens Hospital Center

Introduction to Queens Hospital Center Queen’s hospital Center was established in 1935 to serve the community and provide affordable health care to people from all walks of life. This is a nonprofit making organization aimed at reaching all members of the community with health care services whether they are able to pay or not.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Organizational Assessment of Queens Hospital Center specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that all the main objectives of expanding the facility over the years is not increasing revenue, but creating more space to assist more people by offering satisfactory services. Despite being nonprofit making, they are able to provide personalized and specialized healthcare services including inpatient admissions and surgery. Mission statement The mission statement of Queen’s Hospital center is to â€Å"provide quality, comprehensive care to all people living in new York regardless of whether they are able to pay or not† (Queens Hospital Center, 2010 p. 20). This implies that the organization is mainly focused on providing and supporting the community. Their commitment to this mission statement is demonstrated by the programs the organization is running one of them being the smoking cessation program. From this, the organization is able to reach directly to the community at their very point of need. Since this program is offered at no cost at all, it accessible to everyone, including the low income earners and the unemployed. Clinical care is provided by the hospital in terms of treatment to patients and any other health related support required and these services are given by a qualified team of doctors and nurses. Patient safety is adhered to in terms of both physical and emotional safety by providing a clean and conducive environment. Patients’ records are also kept confidential to ensure that they do not f all in the hands of people who may inflict emotional injury to the patients. On the part of education, they offer programs such as the smoke cessation program to ensure that the community is enlightened on their health issues (Jayaratne et al, 2002). They are able to identify community needs by conducting frequent research activities hence being able to address the most pressing of those needs first.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Structure of the organization Being a social service organization, Queen’s Hospital center has a formal arrangement which is aimed at ensuring the programs are delivered to the community in a way that advocates for positive transformation in the social statute laws and policies. In such cases, the structure must be favorable to the community in that they willingly participate in the programs being offered to them, otherwise the whole thin g would be rendered useless. The success of this organization is not measured by the amount of profits it makes but by the extent to which they are able to reach and address the needs of the community (Cooke Rousseau, 1998). The organization is structured in a way that enables all members to participate in community development at whatever capacity, hence making a contribution to the fulfillment of the mission statement. The board involved in making decisions includes among other the doctors, nurses, interns, therapists both physical and occupational, administrators, social workers, and the directors. Each party has the task of making decisions in their respective capacities with the major decision making responsibility lying with the administrators. Organizational culture The culture at Queens Hospital center is based on providing services to the community and meeting the training needs of the employees hence ensuring customer satisfaction. This is done by providing high quality s ervices at a cost that all people in the community can afford. This particular culture is common in all departments since it forms a major part of the organization’s mission statement. This implies that social workers are the most important people in the organization since they are directly involved in making this culture practical. Social work training is mandatory to all employees since this is the core business of the organization. They are therefore able to handle their specific tasks with the community needs in mind hence ensuring that they are able to meet the main objectives of the organization (Rhydderch et al, 2005).  The training sessions are carried out frequently and facilitated by the social workers such that they are able to share the real life experiences which they encounter when dealing with the community. As a result of this, strategies are laid to ensure that the community needs are met to the best level possible and the result of adhering to this culture is having clients who are satisfied with the services being offered. This culture also provides a chance for all people to participate irrespective of their gender, race, age and so on.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Organizational Assessment of Queens Hospital Center specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financials According to Queen’s Hospital center financial report, the main sources of funding includes outpatient and inpatient services, donors’ remittances, fund raising activities organized by the organization such as garage sales and funds drives and other specialized care units such as dentistry and optical departments. These departments offer their respective services at a cost hence bringing in more income to run the organization. In as much as it is a community based organization, the people working in there need to be paid in order to meet their daily expenses.  From this financial re port therefore, it is clear that salaries and wages are one of the highest expenditures for the organization (Rubin, 2002). The management believes that investing in the workforce is the most important since these are the people working on the ground and their satisfaction is key to the success of the organization. The second highest expenditure is on providing patients education in programs such as smoke cessation. These activities do not contribute in any in terms of revenue meaning that the organization has to go deeper into its budget to meet these expenses. The third expenditure item is on undertaking community campaigns especially on occasions such as cancer awareness day and HIV/AIDs day. These campaigns are necessary in the sensitization of the community. The fourth expense is that of utilities such as electricity, water and fuel bills which are required for the normal running of the organization. Finally on the list are food expenses for the inpatients, most of whom prefer to be provided for food from their own homes hence reducing this expense (Ostroff, 1992). Governance Queen’s hospital center is governed by a board of directors headed by a president. These are elective posts and the members are selected from within the organization and they have to be medical experts (Mills Woods, 2004). This team works within the provisions of a constitution and the president presides over the board meetings and the issues discussed therein are communicated to other members of staff for action to be taken. The reason as to why these people are selected from the organization is because they already have an idea of the organization’s mandate and are aware of the challenges and opportunities on the ground. The current team is made up of ten directors, the president and vice president who takes the position of the president in case he is absent in the meetings.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides this board, the organization also involves advisory boards ones in a while to assist in laying down policies. These are experts from other organizations and their main involvement is to bring out the aspects that can be seen from outside the organization. These committees are made up of government officials serving in the public health department and other high ranking health specialists. Accrediting bodies Besides the in house board, there are other governmental and non governmental bodies which affect the day to day running of the organization. One of these bodies is the Rehabilitation Accreditation Commission which governs facilities offering rehabilitation services such as the smoking cessation program being offered in the organization. This institution has to be involved in making any decision in such programs so that they are able to regulate the proposals and align them with the existing bylaws (Angle Perry, 1998). The other external institution that is directly link ed to this organization is the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education which governs the education sector in all medical facilities. This body ensures that people working in these organizations are updated with the current information hence ensuring that they are equipped to handle their clients with expertise. These bodies come up with different policies frequently and all medical institutions are expected to adhere to these rules. In a way therefore, they increase costs in these organizations since they have to be paid for their services and consultations. Code of ethics The third section of NASW Code of ethics which addresses the issue of Social Workers’ ethical responsibilities in practice settings is one of the first things any new employee or intern is made aware of on joining the organization and breach or compromise on the same is treated as a serious ethical offence. It however gets tricky especially on an area such as that of education and training wh ere a social worker who training the clients is only expected to handle that which is under his or her scope. The problem here arises where clients are not aware of these scopes and they expect any social worker to be able to handle all their concerns (Maloney Federle, 1993). This obligation is therefore in conflict with the fact that social workers are expected to give their clients all the information that is relevant to their situations. This can however be corrected by providing an all rounded training to all social workers so that they can be well equipped for their work. One of the opportunities available to this organization to participate in these social and political actions is that of offering civic education to the community to educate them on their political rights and duties. These activities provide an opportunity for the interns and members of staff to make a positive contribution to the society according to the mission statement. These can be done by organizing work shops in colleges and universities where a majority of young people are as well as within the facility when dealing with the day to day clients (Duncan et al, 1998). The campaigns will ensure that young people in the community are not misled by the social and political stereotypes all over the media. Physical environment One of the features that are visible in the organization is the high level of hygiene being observed in the organization. This is a big plus to the organization since clients are comfortable and they develop a sense comfort when within the organization’s premises. The environment is also conducive since there is no unnecessary noise. These features aide delivery of services since clients are comfortable enough even to wait on the queue on a busy day without having much to complain about. This kind of orderliness also ensures that member of staff are able to carry on with their work peacefully since they do not have to handle numerous complaints from the custo mers. Major organizational problems From this analysis, it is clear that the organization is operating near its full potential. However, there are a few things which need to be addressed and this includes concentrating more on the training needs of the members of staff and interns. Any person joining the organization in any capacity should first go through social work training in preparation for any community emergency that might arise. This is because of the unforeseen occurrences which come up and require more people to be on the ground in order to be in control of the situation. In case this happens and the people who are trained in social work are few, then there will be an inadequacy. Reference List Angle, H. L., Perry, J. L. (1998). An empirical assessment of organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness. Administrative science quarterly, 1-14. Cooke, R. A., Rousseau, D. M. (1998). Behavioral Norms and Expectations A Quantitative Approach To the Assessment of Or ganizational Culture. Group Organization Management, 13(3), 245-273. Duncan, W. J., Ginter, P. M., Swayne, L. E. (1998). Competitive advantage and internal organizational assessment. The Academy of Management Executive, 12(3), 6-16. Jayaratne, S. P. D., Croxton, T. A. J. D., Mattison, D. M. S. W. A. C. S. W. B. C. D. (January 01, 2002). Race, Practice Behaviors and the NASW Code of Ethics. Journal of Social Service Research, 28, 3, 65-89. Maloney, W. F., Federle, M. O. (1993). Practical models for organizational assessment. Journal of Management in Engineering, 9(1), 64-81. Mills, S. S., Woods, P. (January 01, 2004). Starting a corporate college. A New York hospital takes an in-depth approach to employee training. Healthcare Executive, 19, 4.) Ostroff, C. (1992). The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes, and performance: An organizational level analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 963. Rhydderch, M., Edwards, A., Elwyn, G., Marshall, M., Engels, Y., Van den H ombergh, P., Grol, R. (2005). Organizational assessment in general practice: a systematic review and implications for quality improvement. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 11(4), 366-378. Rubin, J. (2002). Gender, equality and the culture of organizational assessment. Gender, Work Organization, 4(1), 24-34. Queens Hospital Center. New York. A staffwide sense of ownership. (January 01, 2010). Hospitals Health Networks / Aha, 84, 9.) This assessment on Organizational Assessment of Queens Hospital Center was written and submitted by user Annika Garcia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Overview of a Luxury Fashion Brand Essay Example

Overview of a Luxury Fashion Brand Essay Example Overview of a Luxury Fashion Brand Essay Overview of a Luxury Fashion Brand Essay The fashion industry is very competitive. Company that venture in fashion should therefore have a proper marketing strategies that will make it have competitive advantage over the other companies. Most companies engaging in fashion have therefore turned to luxury brands being that there is global interest in fashion. Based on the environment that the businesses operate, the target markets and product attributes as well as marketing methods, the companies have embraced luxury brand management and fashion marketing traceries that have made them be on top of the fashion industry. This paper looks at one Barberry as a luxury brand that has been successful despite the challenges that have existed in the fashion market. In this paper an overview of Barberry is given based on its success in the industry. The brand has been outstanding and is defined by the Brutishness, independent luxury positioning and heritage as well as history. Compared to other brands in the fashion industry such as Pravda, Ezra and Ralph Lauren, the brand has been doing fairly well. Brands Brief History Barberry is a distinctive global luxury brand that was founded in 1856. The group has a British background. Over the years the company has built a strong and outstanding reputation for innovation, design, and craftsmanship (Hag, 2004). The group has much focus on outwear, best known for its trench coats. The company designs, produces as well as sell products under the Barberry brand. The company based in London sources its raw materials from UK and other external suppliers it forms network with. The content of marketing as well as marketing programs; analogue and digital, are internally designed to promote the brand and product features to the consumers. Being that its products are sold globally through proprietary retail shops as well as third party wholesale customers, the brand needs a strong fashion marketing strategy to counter the competition in the fashion world. Marketing is in fact one of the core corporate functions that keeps the brand at par. The brand has also embraced digital marketing as one of the method it uses to remain competitive in the market that is dominated by other super- brands in the luxury fashion industry (Group Overview, n. D. ). Brands Product attributes and Target Market The brand being inclined to British lifestyle has a range of products that argues men, women and children of different social status in the society. It is best known Of shawls, scarves, and ties that are classified as soft accessories. On the other hand the brand has also classified small leather shoes, handbags, wallets, umbrellas, and wristwatches as hard accessories. The products are also tailored to meet individual needs (Tungsten, 2009). For example the brand also classifies products as seasonal and continuity. Continuity includes the iconic trench coats that are durable whereas the former refers to the short lived products such as responsive fashion trend that covers a limited season. The multilevel brand strategy of the company is organized at six major brand levels. First off, the high fashion range that serves the fashion shows and editorial coverage, which is produced in small quantities to satisfy the customers exclusivity, demand. This range targets the affluent customers and is distributed through Barberry flagship stores and other prestigious stores in America and London such as Barneys and Harrows. The second range is the London line that is a ready to wear range that is presented in two collections based on the four seasons. Womens wear usually has more lines compared to menswear. Menswear has also been tailored to meet sportswear accessories such as towels, shoe and bags as well as swimwear (Group Overview, n. D. ). There is also the Thomas Barberry range that targets the youths between 15 and 25 years of age, customer group. This group falls under diffusion brands and is available in Spain, UK and Europe. The other two diffusion brands are Barberry blue and black that is for the Japan fashion market. They are also targeted for younger male and female professionals. The multi-brand model of the company has provided maximum market exposure and extensive consumer demand. The second benefit Of the model is that, it has provided elasticity and market awareness evidenced by the brands that target specific countries. Additionally, the approach of having broad category of products range and differential pricing options have provided a marketing move for the company since the customers have accessed it on that account as well as enable the trading up and down of the brand levels (Group Overview, n. D. ).. The brand is known for its trench coats that target the young audience. The product has been marketed through websites such as retrenchment. Mom and celebrity endorsement (Grieve, Didactic, Tibias, 2013). Distribution channels of the Brand The brand is exclusively done through the operation of company stores, licensee agreement, and third party stockings. The company has a retail chain that comprises of four formats. These include designer outlet stores, department stores, regular retail price and flagship stores located in nearly all the major cities in Europe and London. The whole sale stockings include the prominent department stores, duty free shops and specialty fashion retailers. The brand also operates Showrooms in London, Milan, and Hong Kong mongo others. Additionally, the brand also employs the use of agents who make direct sales to the wholesale customers so as to increase sales of the products as well as encourage the sale of the products at the marked prices (The luxury-goods market: Disillusioned hedonist shoppers The Economist, n. D. ). The consistency of visual merchandising of the brand as well as its store presentation of the brand is maintained through a shop-in shop strategy that is implemented in department stores. The company maintains relationship with its wholesale customers by making accessible brand offer and other brands. Additionally, they engage in collaborative marketing action with the important clients (Hag, 2004). Through this the wholesale consumers are able to have access to allowances following the advertisement of Barberry brand products. In a nutshell, the licensee distribution engages two license partners that are jointly tinged with the duty Of wholesale distribution. The licensed partner firms are responsible for visual merchandising and sales agents. The distribution channel has been advantageous of the brand. It provides the presentation of the brands products in diverse and important markets. The model also allows for the return on investment since none of the profit is lost in paying franchise partners and other partners. Marketing methods The gabardine which was water resistant and meant for the military outfits made the brand famous not only in England but also all over the world. Having been hit by economic downfall, the marketing department had to strengthen its strategies so as to boost its sales. To keep at the level of other brands it had to focus on digital media as one of its core strategies (Grieve, Didactic, Tibias, 2013). The company benchmark other well established rands such as Apple, Nikkei and Google, to establish a unique and distinct model for the brand. Using these iconic brands it was able to use the social media with the aim of developing a campaign that was innovative and inclusive of the young consumers. The brand was outstanding, fashion forward and autonomous. This was and is still recorded in its trench coats that are iconic and are fond for the soldiers, celebrities, and working class (Grieve, Didactic, Tibias, 2013). The unique status of the luxury brand was built upon the unique product; the trench coats. Additionally, most street photography has recognized the brand from the same. In 2009 most people were aware of the brand and about a million making it the largest luxury brand in the fashion industry at that time (Digital marketing case study Social media case study: Barberry encourages customer participation with Art of Trench Digital Training Academy, n. D. ). The idea of the social media gave a revelation of the Art of the Trench campaign. The brand established its website where it was very easy for the customers to share their photos wearing products from the luxury brand. This was a form of reaching more customers who would visit the website and admire those photographs. Coupled with the partnership with Scott Chasm; a fashion flogger, the brand was able to amass a mammoth of consumers within a short period of time. The photos could be liked and shared by both customers as well as the potent Customers. The digital campaign placed the brand over others in the luxury sector. The success of the campaign boosted the e-commerce sales by almost fifty percent making the company to allocate more of its resources in digital marketing (Hill, 2014). Apart from social media, the brand also uses advertising, fashion stores, and editorial placement as its core marketing Hansel (Hines Bruce, 2001). They have an advertisement strategy that is launched twice every year. The advertisement campaigns are more focused in the leading fashion and lifestyle publications such as fashion magazines. The brand has cut its expenditure for media advertisement (Hines Bruce, 2001 The ads focus mainly on the brands history and heritage. The emphasis IS well placed on the company logo, trademarks. The adverts not only feature individual products but also aim at presenting the whole brand image demonstrated through diverse brand product range (Hill, 2014). The fast ion wows are also marketing channels for fashion. As a marketing move, Barberry appreciates the fashion shows as marketing plans that serve to inspire the luxury grade of the brand (Us, Coppery, Videophones Network, 2008). The shows are held in different periods depending on the brand. For example, the fashion shows are held twice a year in Milan. The city is well known for its luxury fashion heritage serves to market the brand internationally. Apart from establishing the fashions credibility, the shows also ensure international press representation (Chevalier Mozzarella, 2012). In London there is a fashion week every season in all designated London showrooms (Cooke, 2014). Editorial coverage aims at reinforcing the luxury brand positioning as well as creating brand awareness (Chevalier Mozzarella, 2012). Barberry has a strong public relations tactic that focuses on trade and fashion press. The strategy is inclusive of the whole world editorial coverage and annotations that are for the support of the brand. This ensures proper placement of the brand as the leading brand in fashion, trade, business and publications (Eases, 2009). Another important marketing overage is the brochures that are unleashed every season to market the collections to the consumers and wholesale as well as retail customers (Eases, 2009). The brand also has a website that further creates its awareness. The website that is up to date provides a brief history of the brand, the current images of the product, and the adverts representing the brand (Leverage the Franchise, n. . ). In the fashion show marketing, the brand has had a unique way of hitting the market. Recently in the London Fashion week, it made it possible for its customers to stream the fashion show live in 2010. This makes it the first brand to go live in AD all over the world. As evidenced by the proper use of technological inventions that have placed the company above the other competitors, other brands in the fashion industry should embrace the same m ethod to stay up in the market (Cooke, 2014). As a move of embracing technology Barberry also launched it mobile site in 201 0 making it possible for the customers to interact with the products from their smart phones, pads and tablets. This has continuously expanded its customer base globally being that most consumers use the same in communication and hopping at the same time (Strata, 2013. The marketing model of the luxury brand has made it recognize the importance of advertising in the creation of the brands image. The brand is widely known both in London and all over the world because of its unique advertising campaigns. The brand has come up with outstanding marketing strategies that have targeted various audiences. This move makes it do well in the luxury sector since they are unique and exclusive for the brand. The target market of the goods is well defined through the products and the fact that they can easily reach the goods at heir convenience makes it easier for the company to make huge profits. Luxury brand management spurs almost over all the actions Of the company form production, distribution, marketing and sales. Barberry as a luxury brand, have taken into consideration all the aspects of fashion marketing embracing the methods of marketing that assure large outreach such as the social media. The social marketing technique not only creates awareness of the brand but also creates a channel through which the company can interact with its customers and be able to get their feedback. This is then followed by wife analysis and mechanism implementation to meet the customer demands. In a nutshell, the paper has focused on what has made Barberry become one of the most recognized and successful luxury brands in the world of fashion market.

Moot Problem in the Court of Appeal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Moot Problem in the Court of Appeal - Essay Example The judge argued on the art 10 of the HRA and overlooked the domestic law; the press regulation act 2012, while deciding the above case. The Daily Grind had been fined after the press regulation commission accused the paper for violating section 2 of the press regulation act 2012 which states â€Å"publication by the press of article relating to the private lives of individuals is hereby prohibited†. This was after my client had published an article citing the prime minister as a â€Å"sexual maniac† who is not legible to lead this country and should even quit politics for good. Though the press regulation act of 2012 bars the publication of articles relating to people’s private lives, section 2b gives some provisions where the above restrictions does not hold. This if: â€Å"it is strictly necessary to publish the material relating to the individual’s live in order for criticism of their performance in public office to be made good.† Judge Templeto n-Smythe J was right to give more weight to the HRA, than to our domestic legislation in this issue. For instance, if we allowed local authorities to impose regulations that to some extend limit the international laws on human rights we would just be declaring our country a non-partisan in international treaties at large. In the above stated publication, the Daily Grind was merely expressing its freedom of expression as stated in the article 10 of the convention rights which states: Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and receive and impact information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent states from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 1 Application of the relevant Strasbourg jurisprudence in the domestic law Though there seems some contradiction of the domestic law and the Human Rights art 10, there has been cases in the past where the two has been harmonized to apply the art 10 in the domestic law. For example, in Manchester city v. Pinnock the Supreme Court came up with a formula to deal with relevant Strasbourg jurisprudences as Karinne and Fiona writes: Where, however, there is a clear and constant line of decisions whose effect is not inconsistent with some fundamental substantive or procedural aspect of our law and whose reasoning does not appear to overlook a point of principle, we consider that it would be wrong for this court not to take that line (p.26)2. Judge Templeton-Smythe in delivering his verdict argued that the Daily Grind has a right to express its opinion as the provisions of the art 10 of the human rights act. Although in another perspective the Daily Grind the may appear to have invoked the premier’s privacy, there was much logic in the publication. For instance, the publications were based on substantial truth as some of the prime minister’s Lovers a t the university are cited to have regular contacts with him up-to-date. The Daily Grind in this case is also entitled to a qualified privilege as per the British law. In a much similar case, in1999, Britain’s highest court defended a news paper against a former prime minister of Ireland as Perry Keller states: The courts have extended this principle to develop a new form of qualified privileg

Albert Hourani and Ibn Khaldoun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Albert Hourani and Ibn Khaldoun - Essay Example Hourani, in his book, presents his political views while he traces the emergence of Islam, which was born into a pagan area influenced by Christianity and Judaism, where the great powers exercised no direct control that is a breeding ground in both the political and religious. A new political order, headed by a new elite, following the Arab tribes of Mecca, went up between the two empires. The precise role that Mohammed has played in these events is uncertain because the history of his time was reconstituted in writing nearly a century after his death. These biographies tell of events concerning his life, his revelation and his action may not have been fabricated. Muhammad began to communicate his message, announcing the end of the world, the arrival of Reckoning, asking to submit to the Will of Allah, the Arabic word for the God of monotheism. His relations with other tribes deteriorated so quickly that he left Mecca for Medina in the Hijra, the Hijra, which marks the beginning of t he Muslim era. In Medina, Muhammad gathered an increased number of supporters and fought to Quraysh. For Ibn Khaldoun, morality matters in the relationship between the individual and the state to the extent that any resolutions or acts taken by the ruler should be evaluated by the moral principles of the society. As one of the great political thinkers and anthropologists, he was greatly affected by the Islamic traditions that values morality above one’s own interests.

Ecotourism Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecotourism Final Project - Essay Example rest is a preservation cause spearheaded by the late Professor Wangari Maathai, a Nobel Prize laureate for her efforts in fighting for environmental conservation in her country. We hope to savor the progress of the saved forest and learn of any other activities that the Green Belt movement (a movement formed by Wangari Maathai for the continuation of her cause) is currently doing. We stand a chance to learn a lot from the movement about standing tall for future’s sake in the face of adversity (Maathai, 2003). From Nairobi, we will head to the town Narok, and it is here where we expect to marvel at the seventh wonder of the world- the great Mara wildebeest migration. Narok is a few miles off Maasai Mara Game Reserve, which plays host to thousands of wildebeests, part of the many migrants during the Mara migration that gets to see them cross over to the neighboring country Tanzania (Maasai Mara, Visitor map guide, 2004). Finally, from Narok we will head to the next town in the Kenyan province of Rift Valley, Nakuru. Here, we expect to conduct a bird-watching exercise at Lake Nakuru, which hosts hundreds of the Flamingo bird species. Wednesday- We head back to the Green Belt movement offices and join them in conducting Wednesday’s nature walk. On this day, the walk is themed ‘’Save our Trees’’ so T-shirts also themed as such will be the day’s uniform as we head for this walk. Thursday- We go to Narok and head straight to the Maasai Mara Game Reserve. Here we will be taken round the reserve while viewing the hundreds of game it has to offer. We will spend the night at the Great Rift Valley Lodge. Friday- The Great Rift Valley lodge is almost in between the towns of Narok and Nakuru so on Friday morning we head for Lake Nakuru National park in our van. This is the last destination, and we will conduct a bird-watching exercise at this Lake, the Flamingoes being of imperative interest. Target age is 15-22 years, high school to college students. All

Trinidad and Tobago Electrical Regulations

Trinidad and Tobago Electrical Regulations The Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission (TTEC) is responsible for the distribution and transmission of electrical energy around the country. The electrical power comes from three main power stations which are Port of Spain (308MW station, Point Lisas (634MW) station and Penal (236MW) station. It is through this system the commission provides electrical power to its customers and meters this energy in order to obtain revenue. However the system is also one of the most vulnerable parts of that companys infrastructure, as they are prone to damage in a myriad of different scenarios. These reasons have caused power companies such as TTEC to lay down some of the strict standards, which we will now be examined in detail. Since this report is concerned with industrial wiring systems, mainly three-phase AC voltage will be addressed. The energy that they supply is only single or three phase with frequency of 60 hertz. TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS Characteristic of Supply TTEC supplies energy with the following declared voltages and characteristics: Single phase, 2 wires, 115 volts used for installation with loads up to a maximum of 30 amperes (A). Single phase, 3 wire, and 115/230 volts for installation with loads up to a maximum of 200 amperes (A). Three phase, 4 wire, 115/230 volts from a delta-connected source for installations with combined lighting and power loads up to a maximum demand of 199KVA. Voltage of 230 across phase wires, 115 between either of two phase wires and earthed neutral, and 200 volts between this third phase wire and neutral. (This third 200V phase wire must be positively identified with the color blue throughout the installation or by whatever means of identification is required by the codes in force. Three phase, 4 wire, 230/400 volts from a star connected source for installation with combined lighting and power loads up to a maximum of 350KVA. One of the following high voltages depending on the maximum demand of the load, location of the installation and the voltage available at the location: Table : High voltage supply 3 phase 3 wire 6.6KV 3 phase 3 or 4 wire 12KV 3 phase 3 wire 33KV 3 phase 3 wire 66KV 3 phase 3 wire 132KV *Accordingly the Commission should be consulted before the consumer makes plans for an installation to be supplied at high voltage. Consumers requiring supplies with utilization voltages other than the Commissions standard voltages as discussed above from (a) to (e) will be supplied at one of the commissions high voltages declared in (e) and are required to provide their own transformers. The Electricity Supply rules made under Section 15 of the Electricity (Inspection) Act Chapter 54.72 provides for variation of 6 percent above or below the declared voltages. As a result a few guide lines are to be followed: 1. The point of supply must be near the face of a building and at the commissions distribution pole. 2. When the appropriate voltage supply is available, the point of supply for an installation supplied at 115/230 or 230/400 volts, must be at the Commissions distribution pole 3. If a transformer must be installed to supply the 115/230 or 230/400 volt then the transformer has to be the point of supply. 4. The point of supply for a consumers installation supplied which is at high voltage will either be the consumers terminals which is connects to the service line or the terminal of the commissions disconnecting means. Provided that the consumer has consulted the commission to determine the location of the point of supply (the point at which TTEC supplies energy) for the new installation, the commission shall provide only one service line to supply a building. The service lines are any electrical conductors through which energy may be supplied or is intended to be a supplied by the commission. These conductors are runs from the distribution main or directly from the premises of the Commission. See figure below. Fig. 1 Typical Overhead Service Line with Consumers Entrance cable on Consumers building Figure : typical overhead service line with consumers entrance cable on private pole POSITIONING OF SERVICE LINE The position of the weather- head or gland at the point of entrance must be placed at a minimum distance of 15cm away from the bash board and not in the direct path of water flow from rooftops and guttering. It must be note also that the Commission only provides one service line to supply a building. The customers point of entrance must not be located directly above a building extension or split roof. The minimum height to which the overhead service conductors are to be connected are 3.7 metres above the finished grade level, or for a greater height it is necessary to maintain it at a minimum height of 6.1 metres for clearance of the Commissions over head service line over roads. Every industrial installation shall be adequately controlled by a manually operable, physically and electrically separated fused main switch or circuit breaker. This disconnecting means shall be readily accessible to authorized or qualified personnel, properly identified and preferably located near to the service conductors as possible. Conductors and Cables Service Entrance Conductors are the portion of the installation between the point of entrance and the consumers main disconnecting device. This generally means it is the customer cable to which T TEC connects to give supply from the service line. The service line is connected to the Distribution main. TTEC service connects only to a single consumers entrance cable at the point of supply to a building. The overhead line service conductors must be connected at a minimum height of 3.7 meters above finished grade level. For height that is greater it is necessary maintain a minimum height of 6.1 meters for clearance of the service line over roads. The entrance cables to the point of supply shall be in either rigid metallic conduit treated against corrosion or other approved non-corrosive enclosures or shall be concentric or tamper-proof cable form the consumers terminals to the metering equipment and should preferably continue to the consumers main switch. If conduit is used, only standard conduit elbows and fittings to facilitate pulling of the cables should be allowed. An approve weather head is required at the consumers terminals at the point of supply and a minimum of 0.5 meters of cable must be left for connection to the Commissions overhead service line. Attachment to the commiss ions conductors shall be made a point no less than 0.3 meters form the weather head. The consumer must also provide and install terminating lugs for connecting to cables with conductor sizes larger than 95mm2. For underground entrance cables, it is preferred that for 115/230V and 230/400V installations, the Consumers terminals at the point of supply be located at a pole furnished and maintained by the consumer. Size of Conductors Conduits And Cables The size of an entrance cable for a building with two or more metered installations supplied at 115/230 or 230/400 volts shall not be less than 16 sq. mm. This cable size is for copper conductors with rubber, polythene or P.V.C. insulation. Other approved cables can be used with equivalent current carrying capacities. The size of every conductor shall be such that its current rating, is necessary, of rating factors appropriate to the type of cables and the conditions of installation, is not less than the maximum sustained current which will normally flow through it. Also the size of the conductor shall be that the voltage drop from the consumers terminals to any point in the installation does not exceed 2.5% of the declared nominal voltage when the conductors are carrying the maximum current under their normal conditions of service. Single core cables armoured with steel wire shall not be used for carrying alternating current MINIMUM INSTALLATION BENDING RADIUS During installation, PVC armored cables should not be bent to a smaller radius than six times the overall diameter for cables having circular conductors and eight times for other armored cables. Every cable termination shall be accessible for inspection and shall be mechanically and electrically sound. The insulation tape or braid shall be removed no further than is necessary. PROTECTION OF CABLES Conductors of cables shall be insulated with the correct class of insulation in accordance with the appropriate standard to withstand a voltage not less than the highest sustained voltage to which they are likely to be subjected. Any insulation damaged by soldering otherwise shall be cut away and replaced by suitable insulation at least as thick effective as the original installation. Termination of cables should not be in locations where flammable and/or explosive dust, liquid, vapor or gas is likely to be present. Otherwise the termination shall be enclosed in a flameproof fitting. For paper or varnished-cambric-insulated, metal-sheathed cable, a wiped metal sleeve or joint box, filled with insulating compound shall be provided. Laying of cables underground Cables underground must be 18 deep buried in red sand (sand bed) surrounded by concrete slabs then covered with red danger tape over the slabs. If the cable is passing under a roadway, the cable must be a concrete duct and must be inspected before being buried. Positioning of transformer and switchgear All service equipment which include transformers, panels, switch gear etc, must have a working space of 3 feet around them, they must be positioned where they are easily accessible to the authority, in an upfront foremost position away from pedestrian travel, if it is pedestrian travel place billards around them to prevent people from crashing into them. Metering Metering can be accomplished through socket type metering or three phase metering, the later being more expensive. Current Type 0 200 Single phase >200 Three phase wiring 200-500 Current transformer metering >500 High voltage metering Generally, a single meter is used to measures all electrical energy supplied at that single location. It records the number of units (kilowatt hours) of electricity you have used and is quite easy to read, and consumption records are simple to keep. The Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission uses the recorded electricity usage to accurately calculate the consumer electrical bill. The three types of meter normally use are the digital, the Dial and the AMI meters. The service entrance cable is connected to the meter. If a splitter box is to be used first splitter box then the meter .If no splitter box is used, then connect only to the meter. Splitter arrangements can also be used to split the load. In metering there are a few regulations that must be followed in connection, positioning and reading. They are as followed: For an indoor-type meter, the consumer shall provide a meter-board for mounting the meter. This board shall be of an approved size, and shall be made from 19mm hard-wood stock, free from knots set plumb, and level and securely fastened for substantial supports In order to make meters more accessible, the tops of the meters should not be greater than 1.8m or less than 1.5m above floor or finished grade level. A clear space of at least 0.9m in front of all meters must be available at all times. Meters should not be located over doorways, along stairways or directly under water pipes or drain pipes. They should also be mounted free from shock, vibrations and mechanical injury. Meter sockets should be installed on an outer wall of the building. In a building elevated more than 2.4m above ground, the meter should be located on one of the supporting columns of the building. Meters for a multi-level building shall be grouped in one location on either the basement or ground floor in an accessible location. Where there are greater than 6-metered installations, groups of at least 6 meters can be installed on the basement, ground floor, or an accessible upper floor. Outdoor socket-type meters shall be installed for single phase 115/230V installations up to a maximum of 200A; meter sockets of the ring less type can be used, but must be provided with an approved means for sealing the cover. Outdoor socket-type meters shall be installed for three-phase 115/230V and 230/400V. Installations with loads up to 200A per phase. Whole current or self-contained socket-type meters shall meter such installations For 201-500A loads per phase, current transformers shall be used. The commission shall install a current transformer cabinet, meter-board and meter cabinet where necessary. The meter cabinet shall have a minimum depth of 25.4cm. Between the current transformer cabinet and the meter board, a 20mm conduit containing three (3) 1.5mm2 red, white and blue, and four (4) 2.5mm2 red, white, blue and black 600V insulated conductors must be provided by the consumer. The conductors should be a maximum 15m in length. Lengths of at least 0.9m must be provided outside the two ends of the conduit to permit the external connections to the meter and current transformer. Three-phase, 115/230V and 230/400V installations requiring loads in excess of 500A per phase shall be supplied and metered at high voltage. The metering unit shall be installed on a Distribution Pole or in the consumers transformer substation subject to the conditions of the supply. Fig. 4 Typical Installation Single Metered Low Voltage Supply Figure : Single meter high voltage supply CIRCUIT BREAKERS A circuit breaker is a device for closing and interrupting a circuit between separable contacts under both normal and abnormal conditions, with selection based on the type of application being either alternating current (ac) or direct current (dc). The established voltage rating of a circuit breaker is based on its clearance or space, between electrical circuits and between electrical components and the ground. Circuit breaker voltage ratings indicate the maximum electrical system voltage on which they can be applied. Circuit breakers voltage must be equal to or greater than voltage of the electrical system on which they are used. Circuit breakers have two types of current ratings; continuous current rating and fault current-interrupting capacity. Low voltage (less than 1000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial and industrial application, include: MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)-rated current not more than 100 A. Trip characteristics normally not adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Breakers illustrated above are in this category. MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)-rated current up to 1000 A. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings. Low voltage power circuit breakers can be mounted in multi-tiers in LV switchboards or switchgear cabinets. Positioning of circuit breaker A circuit breaker in a wet location or outside a building must be enclosed in a weatherproof enclosure. This enclosure must be so equipped as to prevent moisture and water from entering and accumulating within the cabinet. Circuit breakers must be mounted so that there is at least 6.35mmm of airspace between the enclosure and the wall or the supporting surface, with exceptions being metallic cabinets and cut-out boxes which may be installed without the airspace on a concrete, masonry, tile or similar surface. All circuit breakers should be installed at least 2m above the floor or working platform. Fuse A fuse is placed in an electrical current circuit so that when current flow exceeds the rating of the fuse it blows or blows out. The elements in the fuse melt, opening the circuit and preventing other components of the circuit from being damaged by the over current. The size of the metal fuse element determines the rating. Once a fuse blows it must be replaced by a new one. Standards for the Use of Circuit Breakers and Fuses The minimum sizes of main switches or circuit breakers permitted on consumers installation are as follows: Characteristic of supply Minimum Current rating 115 volts, 2 wire, 1phase 30 amperes 115/230 volts, 3 wire, 1 phase 60 amperes 115/230 volts, 4 wire, 3 phase 60 amperes 115/400 volts, 4 wire, 3 phase 60 amperes Table : circuit breaker sizes The consumer shall furnish and install a high voltage circuit breaker at the primary disconnecting means for an installation with a maximum demand in excess of 800 KVA. In a building with more than one separately metered Consumers Installation a metal splitter box with a suitably sized Circuit Breaker for each Installation shall be installed between the Consumers Entrance Cable and the meter sockets by the Consumer/s or Landlord. Provision shall be mode on the splitter box for the Commission to apply its seals or locks. Each Circuit Breaker In the splitter box shall be suitably identified with the Consumers Installation connected to it. Where there are seven or more separately metered Consumers Installations in a building, a main disconnecting means or Circuit Breaker shall be installed between the Consumers Entrance Cables and the group of Circuit Breakers In the splitter box by the Consumers or Landlord. Provision shall be made for the sealing or locking of this switch or breaker by the Commission. Consumer shall furnish and install a high voltage Circuit Breaker as the primary disconnecting means for an Installation with a maximum demand in excess of 800 KVA. The Consumer should conform with the Commissions Specification with respect to the rating and rupturing capacity of the Circuit Breaker. The limits of the Consumers protection setting shall be stipulated by the Commission to ensure discrimination with the protection of the Commissions system. It is recommended that the Consumer maintain an adequate supply of spare parts for the normal maintenance of his circuit breaker and ancillary apparatus. The selection of the type of circuit breaker most suitable for protection of a DC installation depends mainly on the following criteria: The current, which determines the rating of the equipment; The rated voltage, which determines the number of poles in series necessary for breaking; The maximum short-circuit current at the point of installation, which determines the breaking capacity; The type of network. It is recommended that the consumer maintain an adequate supply of spare parts for the normal maintenance of his circuit breaker and ancillary apparatus BRANCH CIRCUITRY A branch circuit is defined as that part of an electric circuit extending beyond the last circuit breaker or fuse. The branch circuits start at the breaker box and extend to the electrical devices connected to the service. Branch circuits are the last part of the circuit supplying electrical devices. These circuits are classified in two different ways, according to the type of loads they serve or according to their current-carrying capacity. Motors The table below show the supplies required for motors with different power rating. Motor power rating /watts Supply 750 and below 115/230, single phase Between 750 and 5.6K 230, single or 3 phase 5.6K and over 230/400, 3 phase For single-phase motors rated between 3.75 Kilowatts and 5.6 Kilowatts it should be arranged for no load starting. Motors of over 5.6 kilowatts must be arranged for reduced voltage starting. The commission will be prepared to consider direct online starting of motors of these sizes where the supply to the consumers installation is at high voltage. Any apparatus having power rating larger than 2.5 KVA can be supplied at either 115/230, single phase. Apparatus greater than 2.5KVA up to and including 15 KVA in size can be supplied at 230 volts, single phase. Any rating larger than 15 KVA in size can only be supplied from a three-phase supply. Single-phase appliances and motors supplied from a 3 or 4 wire installations shall be so connected that the operating current unbalanced would be a minimum. Three phase motors should be protected against single phasing conditions. When the rotor of the motor is locked, the motor requires the highest current. Direct online starters can be used also, if current goes and comes. Plugs Plugs in most residential and commercial establishments do not exceed 150V between conductors on branch circuits. That is, they are usually rated at 15-20A with exception to a 240V circuits. Lighting Lighting circuits usually do not exceed 150 watts to ground. These circuits are usually rated at 15 amperes or less in most homes and commercial establishments due to the fact that at some time during the use of the device the consumer may see the need to replace the fixture. Qualify personnel only should service the lighting fixtures. When installing for industrial purposes the voltage to the ground on the lighting circuit could be as much as 330V. With these conditions incandescent fixtures must be mounted 8 feet or more above the floor or at the available height. Where conditions do not permit 8 feet, then the fixtures should not be readily accessible (i.e. they should be encased, etc). Such a supply would be provided by a 3-phase, 4-wire 277/480V wire system. For public and commercials areas the voltage should not exceed 300V to the ground. Trinidad and Tobago wiring code law states that no final circuit should provide more than 15 lighting fixtures. Type of receptacle Maximum Number of Outlets Maximum Branch Rating (Amps) Maximum Cable Cross-section (mm2) Remarks DOMESTIC Socket outlet other than kitchen or laundry 6 20 2.5 15 A Duplex Kitchen 2 20 2.5 15 A Duplex Laundry 1 20 2.5 20 A Duplex Air condition 1 20 2.5 15 A, 230V Duplex INDUSTRIAL Lighting 6 x 115V 8 x 115V 15 20 1.5 2.5 200VA per outlet Receptable outlets 3 4 5 15 20 30 1.5 2.5 4.0 500VA per outlet GROUNDING Grounding is one of the most important factors involving electrical wiring, it provides safety to personnel, equipment and safety. Standards for Grounding i) All wiring installations shall include a consumers earth terminal or the equivalent to which the following shall be connected by an earth-continuity conductor: All metal work associated with the wiring system including cable sheets, armor, conduits, ducts, and boxes. Exposed metal of apparatus Earth terminals of socket-outlets One point of the secondary winding and of the metal work of any transformer used in the installation, except where the transformer is contained in apparatus ii) The connection to the earth electrode or any other means of earthing shall be readily accessible and soundly made by use of soldered joints or substantial clamps of non-ferrous material and where connection is made to a metal pipe of external diameter not exceeding 100mm, clamps of an approval type shall be used. iii) The earthing lead shall be connected to the line side of the consumers main disconnecting means, to an effective earth electrode buried in the ground, for example a metal water pipe system having metal to metal joints or to a copper strip or rod. Connection to a water pipe shall be made as near as practicable to the point of entry onto the ground. Gas piping or non-metallic water piping shall not be used. Metal frames or portable, stationary and fixed electric appliances operating on circuits above 50 volts to ground shall be earthed in an approved manner. Metal fixtures and lighting equipment installed on outlets wired with grounded multicore cable, with metal raceway, grounded metal-clad cable, non-metallic sheathed cable on circuits operating at more than 50 volts to ground shall be earthed. iv) Socket-outlets and cord connectors equipped with grounding contacts shall have those contacts effectively earthed. The branch circuits or branch circuit wiring shall include or provide a grounding conductor to which the earthing contacts with the receptacle or cord connector shall be connected. The armour of the metal-clad cable or a metallic raceway is acceptable as a ground connector. Equipment shall be considered as grounded where mechanically connected in a permanent and effective manner to metal raceway, the armour of the meta-clad cable, the grounding conductor in a non-metallic or to a separate grounding conductor not smaller than 2.5mm2, provided that the raceway or grounding conductor is itself grounded in an approved manner. v) The earthing arrangements of the consumer installation shall be such that on the occurrence of a fault of negligible impedance from a phase or non-earthed conductor to adjacent exposed metal, a current corresponding to 3 times the rating of the fuse, or one and a half times the setting of the over-load circuit-breaker can flow, so that the faulty circuit can be made dead. Alternatively and in every instance where this requirement cannot be met, an earth-leakage circuit breaker shall be installed. A voltage-operated earth-leakage circuit breaker shall be connected between the consumer earth terminal and a suitable earth electrode. The connection between the earth terminal operating coil and earth electrode shall be insulated. Grounding of buildings and equipment It is standard for all wiring installations to have an earth terminal or grounding electrode. The earth terminal must be connected in the appropriate manner to the circuitry of the installation by means of the earth continuity conductor or the grounding electrode conductor. Where there is a transformer outside of the building there must also be an additional ground connection from the grounded service conductor to a grounding electrode, either at the transformer or elsewhere outside the building. A grounding connection must not be made however, at the load side of the service disconnecting means. Where an installation consists of multiple buildings, a grounding conductor must be made at each building. All the socket outlets and cord connectors in an installation equipped with grounding contacts must have them effectively earthed. The branch circuits or branch wiring must include a grounding conductor to which the earthing contacts shall be connected. As a standard all metal fixtures and lighting equipment installed on outlets wired with grounded multi-core cable, metal raceway, grounded multi-clad cable and non-metallic sheathed cable on circuits operating at more than 50 volts to ground must be earthed. In turn equipment are considered grounded if they are mechanically connected in a permanent and effective manner to a metal raceway (the armour of a metal-clad cable), the grounding conductor in a non-metallic sheath or to a separate grounding conductor not smaller than 2.5mm2, provided that the raceway is itself earthed in an appropriate manner. Switch plates, wiring boxes, conduit, cabinets, and lights Types of equipment that should be grounded All metal work associated with the wiring system including cable sheets, armour, conduit, ducts and boxes Exposed metal apparatus Earth terminals of socket-outlets One point of the secondary winding and of the metal work of any transformer used in the installation with the exception of transformers contained in apparatus. Electric motor frames Equipment needs to be grounded under any of these circumstances: The equipment is within 8 feet vertically and 5 feet horizontally of the floor or walking surface. The equipment is within 8 feet vertically and 5 feet horizontally of grounded metal objects you could touch. The equipment is located in a wet or damp area and is not isolated. The equipment is connected to a power supply by cord and plug and is not double-insulated. Types of earth electrodes Earth mats Earth mats typically resemble a wire mesh. They are used where there are high voltages, and several cables carrying those high voltages (such as in industrial areas). Each of the multiple cables is grounded to the earth mat rather than connecting all these cables to one grounding electrode. They are used mainly in substations and can be placed above or below ground. Earth plates are used to attain an effective earth in shallow soils with underlying rocks or in locations with large amounts of buried services. They can also provide protection at potentially dangerous places e.g. HV switching positions. Copper Earth Rods Copper rods of 20mm or 25mm diameter are used where there are high-resistance earth conditions. It is possible to obtain copper rods with end-on connections where a length may be driven in, the removable hard-steel tip unscrewed, and a further length of rod screwed on. Earth rods take advantage of lower resistivity soils at greater depths than normal excavation will allow. Quality earth rods are commonly made from either solid copper, stainless steel or copper bonded steel. http://tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:IODNxco1mtW8xM:http://www.rcoombs.co.uk/earthstake.jpg  [1]   LIGHTING Main types of lighting fixtures used in workshops Tubular Fluorescent Lamps: The high efficiency and relative luminous intensity of such types of lamps results in their extensive use in many workshops. However, fluorescent lamps are highly unsuitable for the lighting of areas containing moving or rotating machinery. The lamps can cause a strobe effect that makes it difficult to observe the movement of the machine and, in some cases, the machine may appear to be stationary. Color Corrected Mercury Lamps: These lamps, when used in conjunction with external reflectors are extensively used in industrial lighting, both inside the building and outside. Incandescent Filament Lamps: The small filament size allows close optical control for directional and local lighting. Glare Reduction- Glare occurs when a light source is seen directly, or by reflection, and is too bright when compared with the general brightness of the rest of the interior. The color of light used in a building should be chosen so as to prevent excessive glare. There are two types of glare, viz. disability glare (which impairs vision) and discomfort glare (which causes visual discomfort). Lamps of intermediate or warm colors should be used for general lighting in order to prevent or minimize glare. Reducing the luminance of the source causing the glare or changing the relative positions of the observer and the source can also reduce glare. Lamps should be shielded from direct sight by louvers or reflectors. Also, diffusing ceilings may be used in order to spread the light over a wider are