Hume Essay Summary Example For Students

Hume Essay Summary Humes affirmation David Hume makes a strong affirmation in section IV of an Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Hume states, I shall venture to affirm as a general proposition, which admits of no exception, that the knowledge of this relation is not, in any instance attained by reasonings a priori; but entirely from experience. In this statement, when discussing knowledge of this relation, Hume is referring to the relation between cause and effect. This argument can easily be dismissed as skeptical, for it puts all knowledge of this sort in doubt. However, Hume does not hastily doubt that this knowledge is not a priori, as a skeptic would. Instead Hume offers a sound argument as to why cause and effect knowledge can not be a priori, and thus his argument is not skeptical at all. Before Hume commits himself to this affirmation, he establishes several things first. He explains that all reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded on the relation of Cause and Effect. In support of this, Hume explains that, if asked, any man believing in a matter of fact would give as a reason in support of this fact, some other fact. It is from this that Hume concludes that all reasonings concerning fact are of the same nature. It is here that one continually assumes that there is a connection between the current fact and that, which is inferred from it. Furthermore, Hume states where there nothing to bind them together; the inference would be entirely precarious. Meaning, any matter of fact is supported only by another matter of fact, and if this connection is removed, one is left with a fact that is completely dependent. In addition, any fact will ultimately be dependent on a primary fact, which in turn is founded on cause and effect. It is only after Hume establishes this that he affirms that knowledge of this relation is never attained by reasonings a priori. Knowledge based on cause and effect, for Hume, relies entirely on human experience, and it is for this reason that it can not be a priori. Hume does not blindly state this proposition, he supports it with several examples that I find irrefutable. He suggests that no man when presented with gunpowder can imagine the explosion that can follow. The same is true when discussing the consequences of releasing a stone from ones hand. Without prior knowledge, it would be impossible to predict that the stone would fall to the ground. No object ever discovers, by the qualities that which appear to the senses, either causes which produced it, or the effects which will arise from it; nor can our reason, unassisted by experience, ever draw any inference concerning real existence and matter of fact. It is here that Hume proves that knowledge based on cause and effect relies solely on experience and can not be based on reasonings a priori. Knowledge that is a priori is the exact opposite of knowledge that is obtained through experience. For the very definition of a priori is knowledge that is presupposed as prior to experience. It is apparent, from Humes past arguments that certain things are impossible to know prior to experience. Hume applies this same reasoning to all the laws of nature, and all the operations of bodies. He states that it is the influence of custom to infer that anyone without prior knowledge, would be able to predict the communication of motion between one Billiard-ball to another upon impulse. Hume follows by stating, were any object presented to us, and were we required to pronounce concerning the effect, which would result from it, it would be impossible to do so, without consulting past observation. In all aspects of matter of fact, Hume has provided sufficient evidence, to support his affirmation. .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 , .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .postImageUrl , .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 , .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6:hover , .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6:visited , .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6:active { border:0!important; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6:active , .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6 .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9ff5f29cbd8c70dd7906a19414565e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Republican Party Essay A skeptical argument is one in which everything is doubted. Hume is certainly not doubting everything when affirms that knowledge relating to cause and effect is never a priori. For it is in this same affirmation that he offers an alternate explanation to knowledge of this relation. Instead of solely doubting, as a skeptic would, Hume offers experience as an alternate explanation to the relation between matters of fact.

Gambling Goes Global free essay sample

In its current form, the UIGEA forces banks and financial institutions from processing gambling transactions to and from online gambling sites. This can include certain payment processors, which is why most US players have experienced difficulties in using their credit cards to deposit online, or with checks. The passing of this act has been controversial, as it is seen in different perspectives by the parties involved. Therefore, in order to assess the question, there are different aspects that need to be examined, this include, legal, political and regulatory enforcements in the gambling industry. It is important to understand that the government is involved in many ways from implementing regulations to collecting gambling taxes. Everyday people are affected, from families to people who believe it is their freedom to gamble. Hence, it can clearly be seen from the mere purpose of the UIGEA itself that the act unfairly discriminates against offshore gaming companies by preventing financial transactions to these as mentioned earlier. We will write a custom essay sample on Gambling Goes Global or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, this can be seen as an unfair move from the part of the US government, as other forms of gambling in the form of bets inside of the US are still practiced, such as bets on horse-racing. Furthermore, it can be seen that the government’s attempt to stop the practice of online gambling is unfair as the government is merely concerned about losing revenues that would result if such practice is deliberately approved. The government simply wants to prevent the cash outflow resulting from citizens gambling online as this can be very high as gambling is associated with being an addiction. This may also contribute from the government’s desire on not losing the potential high inflows from tourism visiting the â€Å"Las Vegas† casinos. Ineffectiveness of Law as a Restrictive Measure Moreover, we continue by answering the second question. How likely is it that the legislative efforts to prevent people who want to gamble from gambling will be successful? The problem is that the United States Government is the biggest influence on regulation for any aspect of life in America. The government can control what citizens do and how they do things. This can be the result of an effort to protect US consumers from addiction and debt. Hence, the success of such efforts is questionable as such efforts are affecting the American citizens who believe it is their freedom to gamble. Also, the countries that have gaming companies are greatly affected and are on denial of such efforts, as they feel the US is violating the WTO agreements for free trade. They feel that the US should comply with fair trade and stop the efforts of preventing citizens to engage in offshore gaming as this has no illegal implications that need to be questioned. Hence, the WTO needs to take a fair stand in this matter by allowing the US to regulate such gambling activity but not ban it, until they can prove that such activity is considered harmful to the American citizens and stop trying to simply protect their benefits. Moreover, the success of such legislative efforts seems hard as there are a great percentage of citizens in disagreement of such law, as are the Poker Players Alliance (PFA) and The American Gaming Association. Both of these huge stakeholders firmly disagree to the legislative efforts. On the other hand, these efforts seem difficult as when implementing the prevention of financial transactions to these services, banks and other financial institutions are greatly affected. This is so, as the term â€Å"Internet Gambling† uses such institutions to process payment for the services provided by offshore gaming companies. Now, the US government is somehow forcing these financial institutions to prevent such payments, not realizing the huge task impose on them. This is a hard task for banks as they are expected to help prevent unlawful internet gambling, when it is hard to even identify and stop cross border payments that are not subject to US law. They strongly believe that preventing the use of online payments is not an effective way to approach such activities. Inefficient Use of Government Resources The above statements lead to the third and last question, which is whether or not the US is devoting substantial time and money to curtail offshore Internet gambling. From the question and answer earlier on whether the (UIGEA) is a fear act or not on offshore gaming companies, it was clearly stated that it is not, hence, this can lead to conclude that the US is indeed devoting substantial time and money on something that would lead to almost a negative result. The US government is not acting as a fair trade partner with such implementations, as it has been the case with the government on other matters of similar importance, where it’s its interest that almost always prevails in discussions of such matter. Government officials are spending time and of course a great deal of cash in pushing for such type of acts to prevent Internet gambling from being continued. They would also have to further spend more resources on following up on such implementations and even pay the consequences of being an unfair trade partner when it comes to this type of matters with trading partners under the WTO. From the realization that many parties involved on this matter are in disagreement with the decision of the government, and their voices/ rights are not being heard, it can be seen that the government is indeed acting on benefits that only they would receive, making it unfair for all others involved, as this is done not on the behalf of the American citizens, but more on a personal note. In conclusion, it can be agreed that such implementations by the US government on avoiding Internet gambling are unfair for offshore companies, and the use of time and money on such implementations and regulations are seen as not using these on something that is worthy and of importance, as many parties, such as gamblers, financial institutions etc. involved, see it as unfair, and hence, this might lead to an unsuccessful practice from the US government. References OnlinePoker. Net 2003, â€Å"Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA)† [online] available at: http://www. onlinepoker. net/Unlawful-Internet-Gambling-Enforcement-Act. php

New York Times Essay Sample Question And Answer

New York Times Essay Sample Question And AnswerThe New York Times essay sample question and answer are not the only essay sample out there; there are also a lot of other sample questions from different writers' organizations that would be a great help to you. So if you are struggling with your essays, here are some tips to help you solve this problem.There are actually different styles of questions asked in a great variety of different academic and career-related essays and essay samples. Some of these questions are quite interesting but others are not. Sometimes, people ask too many questions or just too many questions and that may not be very good for them. To avoid such a situation, you have to practice your writing and find the best essay program that would suit you.One of the questions you have to ask yourself is 'Why are you a good fit for this program?' If you find it really hard to answer this question, then it would be best to focus on other kinds of programs that are more a pplicable to your future studies. In this case, you can ask yourself the question 'why do you want to earn a degree in this field?'The second question you should ask yourself is 'What is your major in this program?' It would be good if you can write down a short summary of your chosen major. After all, your classmates will ask you about your major so you might as well be ready to give them a brief description.The third most important question to ask yourself is 'how much time do you have in your day?' Answer this question by determining how much time you have to spend on assignments. If you want to achieve the best results from the essay, then you need to be a little more disciplined. You can give your essay one or two extra hours of your time just to prepare it properly and perfect it.Another important question to ask yourself when you are trying to answer the first question about why are you a good fit for this program, is 'what are your strengths?' In this kind of question, you c an answer this question by listing down the things that you are good at.A fourth question to ask yourself is 'what are your weaknesses and what are your assets that will help your student's success?' This type of question can be answered by listing down your weaknesses and assets. By defining your weaknesses and assets, you can better pinpoint where you can make improvements in your essay.These are just some questions to ask yourself when you are asking yourself why are you a good fit for this program. The next time you are searching for an essay program, you can always ask yourself these questions to help you identify which one would be the best fit for you.

Negative Feedback free essay sample

Negative feedback is the process by which the outputs tend to reduce the inputs, which causes the system to stabilize. It is found in many functions that organisms carry out on a daily basis, most notably homeostasis. Negative feedback can be seen during the menstrual cycle, during days 5-10 oestrogen levels slowly rise, this increase causes the release of the hormones FSH and LH to be inhibited. Also in low concentrations progesterone has a negative feedback effect on FSH, this means that more follicles cant be stimulated during the second half of the cycle. Moreover, once levels of progesterone are high, it inhibits the production of the hormone LH, meaning the corpus luteum is no longer stimulated to make progesterone, so it could be said that progesterone effectively turns itself off unless pregnancy occurs. Negative feedback can also be witnessed in childhood growth, the pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone, which is used to create the materials necessary to grow. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Feedback or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The amount of TSH produced is controlled by negative feedback. Homeostasis, or the maintenance of a constant internal environment is also mainly controlled by negative feedback. For example, thermoregulation works because if the temperature falls below normal the body will initiate a response such as shivering, however as the temperature returns to normal the corrective mechanism will be reduced. Similarily negative feedback also controls Osmoregulation, if osmoreceptors detect change in the concentration of the blood, for example it may be too high the hormone ADH is released which targets the distal convulated tubule, causing it to become more permeable to water so that more is reabsorbed into the blood, reducing the concentration. Negative feedback is also a crucial part of controlling blood glucose levels, for example if the islets of Langerhans detect a fall in blood glucose levels, the alpha cells release glucagon, which in turn activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose within cells so it can be released in to the blood. As the levels of glucose in the blood increase the amount of glucagon released will decrease until it reaches normal. Negative feedback is an essential process that helps regulate many of the processes that enable us to live. Negative Feedback free essay sample Negative feedback is the process by which the outputs tend to reduce the inputs, which causes the system to stabilize. It is found in many functions that organisms carry out on a daily basis, most notably homeostasis. Negative feedback can be seen during the menstrual cycle, during days 5-10 oestrogen levels slowly rise, this increase causes the release of the hormones FSH and LH to be inhibited. Also in low concentrations progesterone has a negative feedback effect on FSH, this means that more follicles cant be stimulated during the second half of the cycle. Moreover, once levels of progesterone are high, it inhibits the production of the hormone LH, meaning the corpus luteum is no longer stimulated to make progesterone, so it could be said that progesterone effectively turns itself off unless pregnancy occurs. Negative feedback can also be witnessed in childhood growth, the pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone, which is used to create the materials necessary to grow. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Feedback or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The amount of TSH produced is controlled by negative feedback. Homeostasis, or the maintenance of a constant internal environment is also mainly controlled by negative feedback. For example, thermoregulation works because if the temperature falls below normal the body will initiate a response such as shivering, however as the temperature returns to normal the corrective mechanism will be reduced. Similarily negative feedback also controls Osmoregulation, if osmoreceptors detect change in the concentration of the blood, for example it may be too high the hormone ADH is released which targets the distal convulated tubule, causing it to become more permeable to water so that more is reabsorbed into the blood, reducing the concentration. Negative feedback is also a crucial part of controlling blood glucose levels, for example if the islets of Langerhans detect a fall in blood glucose levels, the alpha cells release glucagon, which in turn activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose within cells so it can be released in to the blood. As the levels of glucose in the blood increase the amount of glucagon released will decrease until it reaches normal. Negative feedback is an essential process that helps regulate many of the processes that enable us to live.

A Chilling History of Frozen Food

A Chilling History of Frozen Food When we crave fresh fruits and vegetables in the middle of winter, we can thank an American taxidermist for making possible the next best thing. Clarence Birdseye, who invented and commercialized a method for quick-freezing food products in convenient packages and without altering the original taste, was  simply seeking a way for his family to have fresh food all year round.  The solution came to him while conducting fieldwork in the arctic, where he observed how the Inuit would  preserve freshly caught fish and others meats in barrels of sea water that quickly froze due to the frigid  climate. The fish were later thawed, cooked and most importantly tasted fresh much more so than anything at the fish markets back at home. He surmised that it was this practice of rapid freezing  in extremely low temperatures that allowed meat to retain freshness once thawed and served months later. Back in the U.S., commercial foods were typically chilled at a higher temperature and thus took longer to freeze. Compared to conventional techniques, fast freezing causes  smaller ice crystals to form, which is less likely to  damage the food. So in 1923, with an investment of $7 for an electric fan, buckets of brine, and cakes of ice, Clarence Birdseye developed and later perfected a system of packing fresh food into waxed cardboard boxes and flash-freezing under high pressure. And by 1927, his company General Seafoods was applying the technology to preserve beef, poultry, fruit, and vegetables.   Two years later, The Goldman-Sachs Trading Corporation and the Postum Company (later the General Foods Corporation) bought Clarence Birdseye’s patents and trademarks in 1929 for $22 million. The first quick-frozen vegetables, fruits, seafoods, and meat were sold to the public for the first time in 1930 in Springfield, Massachusetts, under the trade name Birds Eye Frosted Foods ®.   These frozen products were initially only available at 18 stores as a way to gauge whether consumers would take to what was then a novel approach to selling food.  Grocery shoppers could choose from a fairly wide selection that included frozen meat, blue point oysters, fish fillets,  spinach, peas, various fruits and berries. The products were a hit and with the company continued to expand, with frozen food products transported by  refrigerated boxcars to distant stores. Today commercially frozen foods are  a multi-billion dollar industry and  Birds Eye, a top frozen-food brand, is widely sold just about everywhere.  Ã‚      Birdseye served as consultant to General Foods up until 1938 and eventually turned  his attention to other interests and invented an infrared heat lamp, a spotlight for store window displays, a harpoon for marking whales. He would also establish companies to market his products.  By the time of his sudden passing in 1956 he had about 300 patents to his name.

The history of the United Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The history of the United Nations - Essay Example   Some of these countries included United States, china, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, United Kingdom, Czechoslovakia, and France, among others. According to Shaw (N.d, p.1), the main concern of the United Nations has been the human welfare. The United Nations was divided into sub-divisions, which included the general assembly, the Security Council, the economic and social council, the international justice court and the secretariat. In addition, each of these divisions serves a specific task in promoting the United Nation’s goals. The United Nations was formed with several aims; for instance, ensuring that peace prevailed worldwide and developing strong relationships among nations, among others. This essay will discuss the various objectives of the United Nations and whether it lives up to the ideals of its founders to date. The main aim of the United Nations was to ensure that peace prevailed throughout the world, that nations would develop friendly relationships, working toget her to assist people in living better lives through elimination of poverty, illiteracy, and diseases globally. In addition, the UN aims at bringing to a stop environmental degradation, as well as fostering democracy and respect for each other’s rights (United Nations publications, 2000). Therefore, the United Nations is the main organization that assists countries in achieving the above aims. Generally, the UN has several principles that guide its operations; first, member states are expected to obey the United Nations charter.

To answer the past exam for sample exam,2002and 2003 Coursework

To answer the past exam for sample exam,2002and 2003 - Coursework Example e speed, flexibility in contrast, a more SE like T2 contrast (compared to FSE),   better slice efficiency (that is, more slices per TR),   and can be flexible with respect to resolution by using segmentation.   As you would have gathered by constructing the table in question 3, speed is of course the main advantage, and opens up the area of functional rather than anatomical imaging.    All sequences must be fat suppressed due to chemical shift, and the presence of geometric distortions are the two big potential problems.   Obviously if you want to image or measure fat, then EPI is not the sequence for you.   Also if the patient has braces and you want to image their brain with EPI that is also not going to work - either due to susceptibility distortions or B1 in homogeneities, depending upon what the braces are made of.   Also there are some areas where the susceptibility is so great that no degree of segmentation will completely remove the distortion - like the areas at the base of the brain close to the sinuses. 3.   Constant phase encoding EPI:   to obtain evenly spaced points in ky, data is split into two, 1D FT at each kx, phase shifted to a grid, 2nd FT at each ky, both halves added together applying the Fourier Transform Shift theorem. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spiral scanning methods (square and circular):   Points in k space are also not collected uniformly in time (that is, in the line by line method we are familiar with).   The square method is, however, evenly spaced in k-space, therefore just needs reordering.   Circular spiral scanning points are separated uniformly in RADIAL space, but not in the 2D space we are used to.   Either a non-Fourier reconstruction is used (that means you dont need points on a 2D grid) or the data needs to be interpolated to fit a grid. Badwidth is inversely propotional to the sampling line. The number of Pixels reslting from a shift in phase error is dependent upon the phase per pixel of bandwidth. The change in frequency gives a rise